Teeth whitening is an increasingly popular dental hygiene technique that brightens teeth by removing stains and discolouration. This procedure has quickly acquired popularity because of its capacity to improve the aesthetic aspect of a person's smile, giving one a bright and confident smile.

Tooth discolouration is a common oral health issue affecting millions worldwide. In rare cases, changes in the colour of teeth from their regular white look to more obvious discoloured tints such as yellow, brown, or even black are referred to as the phenomenon. 

Causes.

Teeth discolouration is caused by various sources, including extrinsic (surface stains), intrinsic (inside the tooth), and age-related discolouration. Understanding these characteristics is critical in preventing, managing, and curing disease.

The most prevalent kind is extrinsic discolouration, caused by the contact of the outer covering of teeth (enamel) with drinks, meals, or cigarettes. Red wine, coffee, tea, cola beverages, and some fruits, such as apples and potatoes, have powerful colour pigments that adhere to the tooth enamel (Parmar and others, 2019). Furthermore, tobacco contains two compounds (tar and nicotine) that generate tenacious yellow-brownish stains, whether smoked or chewed.

In contrast, intrinsic discolouration occurs inside the tooth structure. This variety may result from excessive fluoride exposure when teeth form in early childhood. Other factors include tetracycline antibiotics given to children under eight or pregnant women, which cause discolouration of the child's growing teeth. Furthermore, uncommon genetic abnormalities such as dentinogenesis imperfecta produce intrinsic discolouration (Donly et al., 2019).

Trauma that causes internal bleeding or tooth injury can also result in intrinsic discolouration. Discolouration secondary to pulp necrosis is one example in which the tooth turns dark yellow, grey, or black due to the death of the pulp tissue trapped within the tooth's complex layers.

The third cause is age-related discolouration, which is caused mainly by ageing. The outer enamel layer peels away over time, exposing the naturally yellow dental beneath. At the same time, the teeth may discolour for both external and internal reasons throughout time.

Inadequate dental care, such as brushing and flossing, can also cause discolouration by enabling plaque and stain-causing chemicals to accumulate on the teeth.

Disease factors such as metabolic diseases, specific infections during tooth development, or illnesses requiring head and neck radiation and chemotherapy may impact tooth colouring. In other cases, the underlying cause is iatrogenic since some dental materials used in restorative operations might leave colouring residues on the teeth (Bhattacharya and colleagues, 2019).

A bright grin conveys a sense of confidence and personal cleanliness. However, age, food, and hereditary factors can all contribute to dull, yellowish teeth. The dental condition does not mean you must accept your fate; in today's dental hygiene environment, several techniques and products may efficiently whiten teeth.

Using Whitening Toothpaste and Mouthwash.

Incorporating whitening toothpaste and mouthwash into your regular oral care routine is likely the most straightforward and least expensive approach to begin whitening. These treatments use gentle abrasives and chemicals to remove surface stains softly. To progressively whiten the teeth, experts recommend regularly using the product as suggested on the package (ADA, 2018).

At Home Whitening

Due to their accessibility and convenience, at-home whitening treatments like gels and strips have experienced tremendous growth in popularity. These products work by being applied to the teeth for specific amounts. A coating of hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide solution, a typical bleaching agent favoured by dental experts, is included in

whitening strips.

Professional Whitening Treatments.

Professional whitening procedures performed by a competent dentist are advised for a more advanced and quick outcome. These sessions usually begin with applying a high-concentration peroxide gel to the teeth and then using unique lamps or lasers to speed up the whitening process. In only one session, this approach can give many shades of whiter results (Li, Y. 2021).

Rather than employing cosmetic teeth whitening procedures, which can occasionally cause gum irritation and enamel erosion, nature provides safe and effective alternatives for achieving that angelic, white smile (Zaidel et al., 2012).

Baking soda.

Baking soda is one of the most common natural teeth-whitening solutions. Baking soda is a prominent component in many commercial forms of toothpaste because of its inherent whitening properties. A recent study found that toothpaste with baking soda effectively removes tooth stains and supports tooth whitening ((Li et al., 2014).

Hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide is another effective natural treatment. When used daily, this mild bleach efficiently whitens teeth. In lesser amounts, hydrogen peroxide is present in most commercial whitening products. However, because hydrogen peroxide can potentially induce gum inflammation or tooth sensitivity, it should be used cautiously.

Oil pulling.

Another effective treatment is oil pulling, a traditional Indian practice encouraging good mouth cleanliness. Plaque and discolouration can be reduced by consuming a spoonful of coconut, sunflower, or sesame oil and swishing it in the mouth. Due to its tasty flavour and high lauric acid content, which is very helpful in lowering dangerous microorganisms, coconut oil is chosen for oil pulling (Thaweboon et al., 2011).

Apple cider vinegar.

Known for its purifying and disinfecting qualities, apple cider vinegar can help whiten teeth (Johnston & Gaas, 2006). Apple cider vinegar, mainly used for cleaning, successfully removes stains from teeth and whitens them. Still, it should only be used seldom to prevent enamel deterioration.

Balanced food.

Additionally, eating a balanced diet of fruits and vegetables helps keep teeth whiter. For instance, bromelain and malic acid, two naturally occurring active enzymes recognized for their ability to whiten skin, are present in strawberries and pineapples, respectively (Unlu et al., 2007).

While having a dazzling smile is nice, teeth whitening must be done carefully. Every technique has limitations, and excessive usage may harm your gums or cause your teeth to become sensitive. Before commencing teeth-whitening tactics, speak with your dentist to ensure the technique is secure and suitable. Once you have the correct information and advice, a whitened, prettier, confident smile is guaranteed. 

 Photos: Dental Clinic Stedenwijk (http://tandartspraktijk-stedenwijk.nl)